Description
The yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) is a species of bunting found across Europe and into parts of Asia. It is known for its bright yellow plumage and distinct song. It measures approximately 16-16.5 cm (6.3-6.5 in) in length, with a wingspan of 23-29.5 cm (9.0-11.6 in). Males are characterized by their vibrant yellow bodies, with a brownish back streaked with black, and a chestnut rump. Females and juveniles are duller, with less yellow and more brownish tones. The song of the yellowhammer is characteristic and well-known to many, and often described as sounding like “a little bit of bread and no cheese.”
Diet & habitat
Yellowhammers are primarily found in open countryside, farmlands, and at the edges of woodlands. They adapt well to various habitats but prefer areas with ample hedgerows and bushes for nesting. Their diet mainly consists of seeds, grains, and insects. During the breeding season, insects become a crucial part of their diet, providing essential protein to their chicks. Yellowhammers forage on the ground but may also pick insects from foliage.
Migration
Yellowhammers in the northern part of their range are partial migrants. During winter, those from colder regions may move southwards to find milder climates, whereas populations in temperate zones tend to be sedentary, staying close to their breeding sites year-round.
Nesting
Breeding season starts in late April, extending through the summer. Yellowhammers are monogamous and the yellow plumage of males become even more vibrant to attract females. The female builds a cup-shaped nest close to the ground, concealed in dense vegetation. The female lays 3-5 eggs per clutch, which are incubated for about 12-14 days. The chicks are altricial, meaning they are born relatively undeveloped and require care from both parents. They fledge 10-14 days after hatching but remain dependent on the parents for a few more weeks. Yellowhammers can have 2-3 broods per season. Their nests are sometimes parasitized by the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), which lays its eggs in the nests of other birds.
Status
The yellowhammer has a wide range and large population. It is common in many areas and it is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List. However, in some areas, populations have declined due to changes in agricultural practices that reduce nesting sites and food availability. As such changes are increasingly common, the species has been seeing an overall decrease in total population numbers.
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