European Honey-Buzzard

The European honey-buzzard (Pernis apivorus) is a medium-sized raptor that breeds across Europe and into parts of western Asia, and winters in sub-Saharan Africa. It has a length ranging from 52 to 60 cm (20-24 in) and a wingspan of 118 to 150 cm (47-59 in). It exhibits sexual dimorphism, with females generally larger than males. The plumage can vary greatly between individuals; from dark brown to pale, most often with a barred underside. This species can be mistaken for the common buzzard (Buteo buteo) due to similar size and appearance, although they are not closely related. The honey-buzzard can be distinguished by its longer neck, smaller head with a thinner bill, distinct yellow eyes, and its unique plumage pattern.

The European honey-buzzard primarily feeds on the larvae and nests of social insects, particularly wasps and bees. It has adapted to forage by using its strong talons to dig out nests and its specialized nasal cavities to prevent stings. Besides insects, it occasionally consumes small mammals, birds, and reptiles. The honey-buzzard favors deciduous and mixed woodlands, especially areas with ample open spaces for hunting. It can also be found in agricultural lands, where it benefits from the abundance of insect prey.

Known for its secretive nature, the European honey-buzzard is often solitary outside the breeding season. It exhibits a distinct behavior known as “fluttering flight,” characterized by slow wing beats interspersed with gliding. This species is relatively silent, although it may emit a high-pitched call during the breeding season. Honey-buzzards are also known for their plumage mimicry of other raptors, particularly the common buzzard, a potential strategy to avoid predation and competition.

The European honey-buzzard is a long-distance migratory bird. It migrates from Europe and western Asia to sub-Saharan Africa, covering distances of up to 10,000 km. Migration occurs twice a year, with the southward journey beginning in August and September and the return journey to Europe in April and May. This species is known to migrate in large flocks at certain points during its journey, taking advantage of thermals to conserve energy during long flights.

Breeding season for the European honey-buzzard starts in late May or early June. The species is monogamous, forming long-term pair bonds. They build large nests in trees, often reusing them in subsequent years. The female lays 1-2 eggs, which are incubated for about 30-35 days. Both parents share the incubation duties and feeding of the chicks. The young fledge approximately 35-40 days after hatching, though they may remain dependent on their parents for a few weeks thereafter.

The European honey-buzzard is currently listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List. While the population is considered stable, it faces threats from habitat destruction, illegal hunting, and the use of pesticides, which can reduce its insect prey base. Conservation efforts are focused on protecting habitats and ensuring sustainable agricultural practices.