Bronze Mannikin

The bronze mannikin (Spermestes cucullata) is a small, charming estrildid finch predominantly found across sub-Saharan Africa. Its range extends from Senegal and Ethiopia southwards to South Africa. Measuring approximately 9-10 cm (3.5-3.9 in) in length, it exhibits a plumage characterized by its glossy dark head and throat and bronzy-brown back, wings, and tail. The underparts are usually white with darker brown spots on the flanks. Immature birds are a dullish light brown all over. 

Bronze mannikins thrive in a variety of habitats, including open woodlands, grasslands, savannahs, and cultivated areas, particularly where grain crops are grown. They are also common in urban and suburban gardens, provided there is ample vegetation. Their diet consists mainly of seeds, including those of grasses and cultivated grains, which they skillfully pluck with their sharp beaks. They are often seen foraging in small, sociable flocks, fluttering and hopping among grass stems or on the ground. Large flocks can also be found huddled together on reed beds or in bushes during the night, which is thought to provide warmth and protection from predators.

The breeding season of the bronze mannikin varies geographically but generally coincides with the rainy season, ensuring a plentiful supply of seeds. Their nests are spherical structures skillfully woven from grass and other plant materials, often situated in dense vegetation or trees. Females lay clutches of 4-6 eggs, which are incubated for about 12-14 days. Both parents participate in feeding the chicks, which fledge approximately 18-21 days after hatching.

The bronze mannikin benefits from a wide distribution range and a high tolerance for habitat modification, which helps safeguard it from major threats. However, habitat loss and degradation, as well as potential impacts from pesticide use in agricultural areas, are concerns that need monitoring. It is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List.