Malabar Pied Hornbill

The Malabar pied hornbill (Anthracoceros coronatus) is a striking bird found in the forests of India and Sri Lanka. This large hornbill species measures approximately 65 cm (26 in) in length and boasts a wingspan of around 90-100 cm (35-39 in). The bird is characterized by its predominantly black plumage contrasted by a large yellow bill with a prominent casque on the upper mandible. Its white belly and tail feathers, tipped with black, create a distinctive appearance. Compared to the similar Oriental pied hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris), the Malabar pied hornbill is larger and has a bigger casque with more black coloration.

The Malabar pied hornbill inhabits moist deciduous forests, tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, and sometimes arid forests. They are primarily frugivorous, feeding on a variety of fruits such as figs, which constitute a significant part of their diet. Additionally, they consume small animals, insects, and occasionally small reptiles and birds. These hornbills play a crucial role in their ecosystem as seed dispersers, aiding forest regeneration. They typically forage in the canopy, using their large bills to reach fruit that other animals cannot access.

Malabar pied hornbills are social birds often seen in pairs or small family groups. They are known for their distinctive and loud calls that resonate through the forest. These birds are highly territorial and will engage in aerial displays and vocal duels to establish dominance. During the non-breeding season, they may form larger flocks, which can be seen roosting together in large trees.

The breeding season for the Malabar pied hornbill typically spans from March to June. During this time, females seal themselves inside tree cavities using a mixture of mud, droppings, and fruit pulp, leaving only a small slit through which the male passes food. The female lays 2-4 eggs and incubates them for about 25-30 days. After hatching, the chicks remain in the nest for approximately 55-60 days. The female stays with the chicks during this period, and the male is responsible for providing food for the entire family.

The Malabar pied hornbill is currently classified as near threatened on the IUCN Red List. The primary threats to their population include habitat destruction due to deforestation, human encroachment, and illegal logging. Additionally, hunting and the pet trade pose significant risks. Conservation efforts are focused on habitat preservation and legal protection to ensure the survival of this remarkable species.