Common Raven

The common raven (Corvus corax), also known as northern raven, is the largest member of the crow family (Corvidae) and one of the most widespread passerines in the world. Measuring 54–67 cm (21-26 in) in length with a wingspan of 115–150 cm (45-59 in), it is entirely black, with a thick neck, a large, powerful bill, and a wedge-shaped tail visible in flight. Its plumage has a glossy sheen that can appear purple, blue, or green in bright light. Ravens are distinguished from large crows by their larger size, heavier bill, more wedge-shaped tail, and deeper, more resonant calls (sounding more like a “croak” than the crow’s “caw”).

Common ravens are highly adaptable and occur in a wide range of habitats, from coastal cliffs and forests to mountains, deserts, tundra, and human settlements. They are opportunistic omnivores, feeding on carrion, small mammals, birds, eggs, insects, seeds, berries, and human food waste. Their strong bill allows them to tear through tough materials, and they are known to cache food for later consumption.

Ravens are among the most intelligent of all birds, demonstrating problem-solving skills, tool use, and even playful behavior such as sliding down snow-covered roofs or playing games with other animals. They are capable of complex communication through a variety of calls, body postures, and even mimicry. Outside the breeding season, ravens may form loose flocks, but pairs remain together year-round, maintaining and defending territories.

Ravens have been observed calling wolves to the site of large carcasses, allowing the predators to open the carcass and make food accessible for the birds. This cooperation benefits both species.

The common raven is largely resident throughout its range, though younger birds may disperse widely before establishing their own territories. In colder regions, some individuals may move to lower elevations or more temperate areas in winter, but large-scale seasonal migrations do not occur.

Ravens typically breed from late winter to early spring. Pairs build large stick nests lined with softer materials such as grass, moss, or animal fur. Nests are often placed on cliff ledges, tall trees, or human-made structures. The female lays 3–7 eggs, which she incubates for about 18–21 days while the male provides food. Chicks fledge at around 5–7 weeks but may remain dependent on their parents for several more weeks.

Ravens have held a prominent place in human culture and mythology for thousands of years. They appear in the folklore of many cultures, often associated with intelligence, mystery, and transformation. In Norse mythology, the god Odin was accompanied by two ravens, Huginn and Muninn, who brought him information from around the world. In Native American traditions, the raven is often a creator figure and trickster. Across history, the bird’s black plumage and croaking calls have linked it to both omens and wisdom.

The common raven is classified as least concern on the IUCN Red List. Its population is stable or increasing in many areas due to its adaptability and ability to exploit human-altered environments. In some regions, it benefits from roadkill and other food sources linked to human activity.