European Greenfinch

(Chloris chloris)

birds / passerines / sparrows, finches & allies / true finches

Description

The European greenfinch (Chloris chloris) is a fairly large species of finch, found predominantly in Europe, as well as parts of Central Asia and North Africa. Adults typically measure between 15 to 16 cm (5.9-6.3 in) in length, with a robust body, a large head, and a strong, conical beak adapted for seed eating. The bird’s plumage is green with some grey patches, and with yellow highlights on the wings and tail, noticeable during flight. Males are usually brighter in color than females, with the green being more vibrant. They can be distinguished from similar species by their larger and chunkier body shape, the distinct yellow patches and green plumage, and a slightly forked tail. Another notable feature of the European greenfinch is its song, which consists of a pleasant mix of trills and twitters, often delivered from a high perch.

Diet & habitat

European greenfinches are adaptable birds, found in a variety of habitats ranging from gardens and orchards to parks and woodlands, as long as there are sufficient trees and shrubs. The species thrives in both rural and urban settings. These birds primarily feed on seeds, but their diet can also include berries and small insects, especially during the breeding season. They feed both on the ground and in trees, showing flexibility in foraging behavior. Greenfinches frequent garden feeders, making them a common sight in suburban areas.

Migration

Greenfinches are largely sedentary, with northern populations exhibiting some migratory behavior. Birds from colder regions may move southwards to spend the winter in warmer areas, although significant long-distance migrations are uncommon.

Nesting

The breeding season for European greenfinches starts in late March and can continue into August. They are monogamous and build their nests in bushes or trees, with the female constructing the nest from twigs, grass, and moss, and lining it with feathers. The female lays 4 to 6 eggs, which she incubates for about 13 to 14 days. Chicks fledge approximately 13 to 18 days after hatching, with both parents feeding the young.

Status

The European greenfinch is widespread and common, and it is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List. However, populations have faced declines in some areas due to habitat loss, pesticide use, and disease, particularly trichomoniasis, which affects many finch species. Conservation efforts focus on monitoring populations and managing habitats to support their numbers. The European greenfinch has been introduced to parts of Argentina, Uruguay, southeast Australia and most of New Zealand, where it competes with native species.