Description
The willow tit (Poecile montanus) is a small passerine bird in the tit family, with a range that spans across the taiga of northern Europe and Asia, extending into temperate regions of Europe and into the mountains in the south of their range. It measures about 11.5 cm (4.5 in) in length, with a wingspan of 17-19 cm (6.7-7.5 in), and weighs around 8-12 grams (0.3-0.4 oz). This bird is characterized by its black cap and bib, white cheeks, and dusty brown upperparts, which contrast with its paler underparts. One key feature distinguishing it from the very similar marsh tit (Poecile palustris) is its call and song, as well as subtle differences in plumage, particularly the sootier black cap, a light patch on the folded wings, and a slightly longer tail.
Diet & habitat
Willow tits are primarily found in damp woodlands, often favoring willow, alder, and birch. They are adaptable, however, and can also be found in mixed and coniferous forests, especially where there are clearings, water, and a dense understory. These birds survive well in cold temperatures, often fluffing up their feathers to create insulating air pockets. Their diet consists mainly of insects and their larvae, spiders, and seeds. They are known for their remarkable ability to store food in the bark of trees for later consumption, showing a level of intelligence and adaptability.
Nesting
Breeding season begins in early spring. Willow tits are monogamous and are known for excavating their own nesting holes, primarily in rotten wood, and is a task that requires significant time and energy. This is a unique behavior among tits. The female lays a clutch of 6-9 eggs, which she incubates for about 14 days. The chicks are altricial, being born blind and featherless, and they fledge around 18-21 days after hatching. Both parents feed the chicks a diet rich in caterpillars and other insects.
Status
The willow tit is currently classified as least concern by the IUCN Red List, due to its large population size and widespread distribution. However, its populations are declining in some parts of its range. The decline is believed to be primarily due to habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as competition for nesting sites with other species. In some countries, conservation efforts are underway to preserve their habitats and better understand the causes of their decline.
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