Reed Bunting

The reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus) is a species of bunting widespread across Europe and Asia. It measures 14–16.5 cm (5.5-6.5 in) in length and weighs around 15–25 grams (0.53-0.88 oz). Males during the breeding season are unmistakable with their striking black head and throat, white collar, and white moustachial stripe contrasting against a brown body. Outside of the breeding season, their plumage dulls to more closely resemble the females, which are mainly brown with paler underparts and less distinct head markings Both sexes have the white moustachial stripe. They can be differentiated from similar species, like the corn bunting (Emberiza calandra) by their smaller size, the distinct head pattern, and habitat preferences.

Reed buntings are predominantly found in wet habitats such as reed beds, marshes, and wetlands, though they can also be found in drier areas with dense vegetation, such as moorlands. Their diet varies seasonally; in the summer, they feed largely on insects and invertebrates, which they glean from stems and leaves of wetland vegetation. During the winter months, their diet shifts more towards seeds and grains, which they forage for on the ground or in low vegetation.

The reed bunting exhibits a mix of migratory behaviors across its range. Populations in the northern and eastern parts of the range are largely migratory, moving southwards to spend the winter in warmer climates. Western and southern populations are more likely to be resident or partially migratory, with some movement in response to the harshest winter conditions.

The breeding season begins in late March, extending through to August. The male reed bunting has a simple, but sweet song used to attract a mate and defend territory during this period. This species is monogamous and will typically raise two broods per year. The nest is a well-hidden cup made of grass, reeds, and other plant material, placed close to the ground in dense vegetation. The female lays 3-5 eggs, which she incubates for about 12-14 days. Chicks fledge around 12-14 days after hatching but remain dependent on their parents for a further 1-2 weeks.

The reed bunting is classified as least concern by the IUCN Red List, reflecting its wide distribution and large population size. However, like many species dependent on wetland habitats, it faces threats from habitat destruction and degradation, particularly due to drainage, agriculture, and urban development.