Smew

The smew (Mergellus albellus) is a small species of duck found primarily in the Palearctic region, encompassing parts of northern and central Europe as well as Asia. It measures about 38-44 cm (15-17 inches) in length with a wingspan ranging from 56-69 cm (22-27 inches). The male smew, in breeding plumage, is distinctively marked with a striking white body adorned with black markings on its back, face, and wings. The female and non-breeding males are predominantly grey with a chestnut-brown head. It is similar to some the mergansers in the genus Mergus, particularly in non-breeding plumage, but is smaller and has a shorter bill. The smew is actually most closely related to the common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), and the two species have been known to hybridize.

The smew inhabits freshwater lakes, rivers, and coastal waters during winter. It prefers habitats with abundant aquatic vegetation and clear waters where it can efficiently dive for its food. Its diet mainly consists of fish, which it catches by diving and swimming underwater. The smew also feeds on aquatic invertebrates and, occasionally, plant matter. Its feeding technique involves agile and deep dives, often staying submerged for extended periods to chase and capture prey.

The smew is a migratory bird, breeding in the boreal forest zone of northern Europe and Asia and migrating southwards to spend the winter in milder climates. Its migration typically occurs between October and April. The wintering grounds include the coastal waters of Western Europe, the Mediterranean, and parts of East Asia. Smews are known to travel considerable distances between their breeding and wintering sites, often covering thousands of kilometers.

The breeding season for smews begins in late April and extends through July. They nest in tree cavities, often utilizing old woodpecker holes or nest boxes provided by conservationists. The female lays a clutch of 6-9 eggs, which she incubates alone for about 26-28 days. Once hatched, the ducklings are precocial, leaving the nest shortly after hatching and being led to water by the female. They fledge at approximately 45-50 days of age, gaining the ability to fly and becoming more independent.

The smew is currently listed as least concern by the IUCN Red List, indicating that it is not considered to be facing an immediate risk of extinction. However, the species faces threats from habitat destruction, particularly the loss of suitable nesting sites due to deforestation and the drainage of wetlands. Conservation efforts, including the provision of artificial nesting sites and protection of critical habitats, are essential for maintaining healthy smew populations.