Eurasian Curlew

The Eurasian curlew (Numenius arquata) is found across Eurasia and coastal Africa and is one of the largest wading birds found in its range. It typically measures between 50-60 cm (19.7-23.6 in) in length, with a wingspan reaching up to 100 cm (39 in). The curlew is known for its long, downward-curving bill, and has a mottled brown plumage, which offers excellent camouflage in its marshy habitats. Its plumage varies slightly across individuals, but all Eurasian curlews exhibit a similar pattern of brown, grey, and white. These birds are known for their haunting, melodious calls, which are often heard during flights in the breeding season.

A key distinguishing feature of the Eurasian curlew compared to the similar but smaller whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus) is its longer, more uniformly curved bill and the absence of the whimbrel’s characteristic central crown stripe.

Eurasian curlews are found in a variety of wetland habitats, including estuaries, mudflats, saltmarshes, and coastal wetlands. They are also seen in inland areas such as flooded meadows and grasslands, especially during the breeding season. Their diet mainly consists of invertebrates such as worms, mollusks, and crustaceans, which they extract from the soft substrate using their long, sensitive bills. They also feed on small fish and insects. The feeding technique of the Eurasian curlew is distinctive, involving deep probing into the mud or soil to locate their prey.

The Eurasian curlew is a migratory species, with northern populations undertaking long journeys to their wintering grounds. Birds breeding in northern Europe and Asia migrate to warmer regions, including the coasts of Africa, southern Europe, and South Asia. Migration typically occurs from late summer to early autumn, with birds returning to their breeding grounds in the spring.

Breeding season for the Eurasian curlew usually starts in April and continues through July. They nest in open, grassy or heathland areas, often some distance from water. The nest itself is a simple scrape on the ground, lined with grass and leaves. Females lay a clutch of 3-4 eggs, which are incubated by both parents for about 27-29 days. The chicks are precocial, meaning they are relatively mature and mobile shortly after hatching, but they remain dependent on their parents for protection and feeding for several weeks. Fledging occurs approximately 5-6 weeks after hatching.

The Eurasian curlew is currently listed as near threatened by the IUCN. Populations have been declining due to habitat loss, particularly the drainage of wetlands and agricultural intensification. Predation and human disturbances also pose significant threats to their breeding success. Conservation efforts are focused on habitat protection and management to ensure the survival of this iconic wader.