White Wagtail

The white wagtail (Motacilla alba) is a widespread species of wagtail found across Europe, Asia, and parts of North Africa. It presents a slender, graceful figure, typically measuring between 16.5 to 19 cm (6.5 to 7.5 in) in length. This bird is characterized by its contrasting black and white plumage, which serves as a feature across its range. As with most wagtails, it has a long, constantly wagging tail, from which these birds derive their name. It is typically more often observed on the ground than up high in trees or flying.

There are several subspecies, and many have distinct plumages. Some are lighter in color, with more grey than black, such as the nominate subspecies in Europe (M. a. alba), whereas some, like the pied wagtail (M. a. yarrellii) on the British Isles and Ireland, are darker in plumage. In Asia there are a couple of subspecies, such as the masked wagtail (M. a. personata) and the Hodgon’s wagtail (M. a. alboides), that have a lot more black on their face. In most subspecies the males, especially during the breeding season, are darker or more black on their neck and back compared to the females. Juveniles are slightly duller, with more grey rather than black markings.

Found across a wide range of habitats, from urban settings to the wild expanses of the countryside, white wagtails demonstrate remarkable adaptability. They thrive near water bodies, in agricultural fields, and even in urban parks and gardens, indicating their flexible habitat preferences. These birds are versatile feeders, primarily consuming insects such as beetles, flies, and larvae, which they adeptly catch in flight or forage from the ground. Their feeding technique involves brisk, agile movements across open habitats, reflecting their energetic nature.

Migration is a significant aspect of the white wagtail’s life cycle. Most populations are migratory, traveling considerable distances between their breeding grounds in temperate and subarctic regions and wintering areas in warmer climates. Many populations of western and southern Europe do not migrate and are present in their habitat year-round.

The breeding season for white wagtails begins in late March, continuing through July. They are monogamous birds, forming pairs that work collaboratively to build their nests. These are often situated in natural cavities, buildings, or under bridges. The female lays 4-6 speckled eggs, which both parents incubate for 12-14 days. Chicks are altricial, relying on their parents for warmth and food. They fledge approximately 14 days after hatching, marking a rapid transition to independence.

The white wagtail has a very wide range across Eurasia and northern Africa and the population is stable. Its ability to adapt to various habitats, including urban environments, makes it a resilient species. However, local populations may be impacted by habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change. It is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List.