Indian Spot-billed Duck

The Indian spot-billed duck (Anas poecilorhyncha) is a dabbling duck native to the Indian subcontinent and parts of Southeast Asia. It measures about 58-63 cm (23-25 in) in length and has a wingspan of approximately 83-94 cm (33-37 in). This species is easily identifiable by its distinctive yellow-tipped black bill, which is adorned with a prominent red spot at the base in males. Both sexes have a characteristic white and green speculum, which is more vivid during flight. The Indian spot-billed duck can be distinguished from the closely related and previously conspecific Eastern spot-billed duck (Anas zonorhyncha) by the absence of a red spot on the bill in the latter. Additionally, the Indian species has a more variegated plumage.

Indian spot-billed ducks inhabit a variety of freshwater wetlands, including lakes, rivers, marshes, and rice paddies. They are versatile feeders, consuming a wide range of plant material such as seeds, aquatic vegetation, and grains. Invertebrates, small fish, and amphibians also form part of their diet, especially during the breeding season when protein requirements are higher. These ducks forage by dabbling and upending in shallow waters, often tipping their bodies to reach aquatic plants below the surface. They may also graze on land near water bodies, taking advantage of agricultural fields for additional food resources.

The breeding season for the Indian spot-billed duck varies with region, but typically occurs sometime between July to November in India. They build their nests in dense vegetation near water, using grasses and other plant materials to create a well-concealed structure. Clutches usually consist of 8-14 eggs, which are incubated solely by the female for about 24-26 days. Upon hatching, ducklings are precocial and leave the nest within a day to follow the mother to water. They are capable swimmers almost immediately and feed on small invertebrates and aquatic plants. Fledging occurs approximately 45-60 days after hatching, by which time the young birds are capable of flight.

The Indian spot-billed duck is currently classified as least concern by the IUCN Red List. Its population appears to be declining slightly, as it faces threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and hunting. Wetland drainage and conversion to agricultural land pose significant risks to their breeding and foraging habitats. Conservation efforts focusing on wetland preservation and sustainable agricultural practices are crucial for maintaining healthy populations of this species.