Description
The lesser spotted woodpecker (Dryobates minor) is the smallest woodpecker in Europe, and has a broad range across the Palearctic, from Western Europe to Japan, often found in deciduous woodlands, parks, and gardens. It measures around 14-16.5 cm (5.5-6.5 in) in length with a wingspan of 24-29 cm (9.5-11.4 in). It has a black and white barred plumage, males have a red crown and females have a white crown. It can be differentiated from most other species by its smaller size. Although smaller, it does show similarities with the great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major), but it lacks the large white shoulder patches and red undertail coverts of the larger species.
Diet & habitat
The lesser spotted woodpecker prefers habitats with a mix of mature deciduous trees, particularly in riverine forests, but it can also be found in orchards, gardens, and urban areas. This species primarily feeds on insects and their larvae, which it extracts from tree bark using its strong, chisel-like beak. It forages mainly on the smaller branches and twigs, often hanging upside down to access prey. Besides insects, it occasionally consumes seeds and berries.
Nesting
Breeding season for the lesser spotted woodpecker typically begins in April and May. The species is monogamous, with pairs forming long-term bonds. They excavate nest holes in dead or decaying trees, often preferring those with softer wood. The female lays 4-6 glossy white eggs, which are incubated by both parents for about 10-12 days. Both parents also share the duty of feeding the chicks, which fledge approximately 20-22 days after hatching. The fledglings remain dependent on the parents for a few weeks post-fledging as they learn to forage.
Status
The lesser spotted woodpecker is currently listed as least concern by the IUCN, but its populations have been declining in many parts of its range, particularly in Western Europe. The primary threats include habitat loss due to the removal of deadwood and mature trees, and changes in forest management practices. Conservation efforts focus on preserving old-growth forests and maintaining deadwood to support its habitat needs.
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