Human Activity and Large Wildlife Overlapped Most in Chitwan’s Buffer Zone
Camera traps around Chitwan National Park showed that wildlife and people overlapped most strongly in the Buffer Zone, where detections of humans and large wildlife were both concentrated in parts of the same landscape. The study mapped wildlife and human activity across the national park and three surrounding land-use zones.
The researchers deployed 80 cameras — 20 each in Chitwan National Park, the Buffer Zone, Corridor Forest and Community Forest — between February and July 2022. They trained deep-learning models to identify eight target classes and then used the detections to analyse where animals and people occurred and how close in time they appeared at the same camera sites.
Different species concentrated in different parts of the landscape
Deer, including chital (Axis axis) and sambar (Rusa unicolor), were the most frequently detected wildlife group and occurred at nearly all camera sites except those in the Community Forest. Their relative detection intensity—the frequency of camera detections rather than an estimate of animal numbers—was highest in the Buffer Zone. Tigers (Panthera tigris) were detected mainly inside the national park, with additional presence in the Buffer Zone. Greater One-horned Rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros unicornis) were recorded particularly along the park’s northern edge and in the Buffer Zone, with detections extending into the Corridor Forest.
Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) had a broader distribution. Their detections were concentrated especially in the Corridor Forest and northern Buffer Zone, with additional records in the Community Forest. Human activity, in turn, was strongest in the Corridor Forest, followed by the Community Forest and northern Buffer Zone.
The Buffer Zone had the highest spatial overlap
For this comparison, the human-activity category combined detections of people and domestic goats, while the large-wildlife category included tigers and rhinoceroses. No goats were recorded in the Buffer Zone, so the strongest overlaps there involved human activity rather than goat records. The highest overlap occurred in two parts of the Buffer Zone near the national-park boundary. Another high-overlap region lay near the southern boundary of the park, while a fourth was centred in the Corridor Forest and extended into the Buffer Zone.
The analysis describes overlap in camera detections, not direct encounters. A person and a tiger appearing at the same camera location hours or days apart therefore show shared use of the same place, but not necessarily that the two encountered one another.
People, tigers and rhinoceroses sometimes passed the same cameras
Temporal analysis compared the shortest intervals between human detections and detections of tigers or rhinoceroses at the same camera locations. Human–wildlife pairs were temporally closest in the Buffer Zone, followed by the Corridor Forest and the national park.
Human–rhinoceros detections tended to follow one another at shorter, more tightly grouped intervals than human–tiger detections. At one Buffer Zone camera, armed people were recorded about 30 minutes before a rhinoceros passed. Another camera recorded residents collecting vegetation and wood, followed by a tiger seven hours later. These were separate passages through the same places, not documented face-to-face encounters.
The resulting maps show how protected forest, buffer areas and human-used forests can differ sharply in who uses them and when. Around Chitwan, the Buffer Zone emerged as the main area where human activity and large wildlife were both concentrated in space and relatively close in time, making it particularly important for understanding human–wildlife interactions.
Human–wildlife conflict
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